2.Changing attitudes

Proposition: Changing attitudes should not normally be the major objective of a lecture.

1. Lectures are relatively ineffective for teaching values associated with subject matter
• Presentations can produce doubt by giving negative information that is inconsistent with the values of the audience; but arousing positive enthusiasm requires something quiet different. Enthusiasm, and motivation generally, cannot be given in presentations. Motivation is an inner flame that has to be there already!
• There appears to be a strong case that discussion methods are more effective than lectures in changing attitudes.  
2. Lectures are relatively ineffective for inspiring interest in a subject
• In an inquiry by Woolford (1969), although in general students were more satisfied the more they were able to participate, those who were more able, less emotionally stable, or less extroverted preferred participation to be restricted. There were no differences between those from different social backgrounds.   
3. Lectures are relatively ineffective for personal and social adjustment